horizon-theory-introduction

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ARCHITECTONICS

From Cosmic Theories to Urban Development

Dr. Hossam Aboulfotouh

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The Horizon Theory, Part-I: Original Concept Plan Of The Pyramids Plateau

Hossam M. K. Aboulfotouh, PhD*

* Assistant Professor, Architectonic Cosmic Theories and Development, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, Minia University, and Director, WPAHR-V, International Union of Architects-UIA. fotouh@mail.com

Abstract

The paper shows the astronomical criteria that the designers of the Giza pyramids used in order to design the site plan of the three pyramids. It proves that the pyramids builders did study the daily motion of the sun during the year in their days, and based on their findings they set the positions of the three pyramids in the horizon of Giza plateau to encode three astronomical information concerning the daily motion of the sun on specific year: the meridian angle on the vernal equinox, the meridian angle on the summer solstice and the sunrise angle on the summer solstice. Accordingly, the encoded date of design of the Giza pyramids was identified as 3055BC, based on identifying the tilt of the earth's axis (obliquity angle) in their days (24.10 degrees) and counting the difference between it and that in our days (23.44 degrees), in terms of years.

Section-1: Introduction

The horizon1 theory2 belongs to the ancient Egyptian architects who built the pyramids of Egypt almost five millenniums ago. This research is the first step towards reviving it. The theory deals with the pyramid's ideology, its design principles and its related knowledge and sciences. It depends on, and draws from, astronomical theories and cosmic sciences. It links time with space dimensions. The following paragraph is a modified version of the old story of the pyramids that was found in an old papyrus 3during the days of King Philip (the father of Alexander), which was based on the dream of the KingSoraied. It should be kept in mind while going through the present work.

The master priests orJedars4, of ancient Egypt discovered the mathematical law of the lifecycle of celestial bodies, five millenniums ago. They were able to determine then, based on their scientific knowledge in basic sciences (mathematics, geometry, chemistry, physics, astronomy, etc.) the timeframe of the frequent super-natural disasters of the earth. They were shocked when their calculations had ensured them that the coming earth disaster will occur after four hundred years from their days. Soon they decided to inform their King Soraied to establish a long-term project to save the accumulated scientific knowledge of the Egyptians for the new generations of the next cycle. They believed, as it was dominant in their time that the normal people should not know this type of knowledge; hence, it should not be recorded in a written form. They had decided instead, to record the basics of all branches of sciences in geometrical and numerical forms. The architectonic forms that we define today as "pyramids" and its complex-sites are the hard disks within which all the laws of basic sciences that were discovered and understood by Egyptian Jedars of the previous earth cycle had been recorded. These pyramids and its complex-sites are the horizons of the earth knowledge. Thus, the supreme objective5 of the pyramids project encouraged all Egyptians to participate financially in their implementation. This story may be seen as a kind of imagination similar to the stories of nowadays' movies of science fiction. In fact, the scientific proof of the whole story cannot be covered in a single research paper. However, the scientific findings of the present work may formulate the prelude to its full display.

This story may be seen as a kind of imagination similar to the stories of nowadays' movies of science fiction. In fact, the scientific proof of the whole story cannot be covered in a single research paper. However, the scientific findings of the present work may formulate the prelude to its full display.

Scientifically speaking, this primary endeavor will show and translate, in words, mathematical formulas, and geometrical diagrams, one of the coded messages (files) that are related to the design of the Giza pyramids plateau. It briefly describes the principles of its original design concept and how the designer planned it from an astronomical point of view. Besides, it aims to correct the wrong views, conceptions and information that were inserted in many books of human history on the pyramids of Egypt. For example, first, some historians think that pyramids architects have wasted national resources to build nothing more than tombs. Second, none scholars imagine wrongly that the pyramids builders were extraterrestrials. Third, the authors of books of the history of sciences declared that basic sciences in general, and astronomy in particular, were originated by the Babylonians and then improved by the Greeks; many have argued that the ancient Egyptians had made very limited contributions in these fields. Fourth, there is disagreement between scientists and historians regarding the time when Giza pyramids were built.

This paper is structured in three parts. The first part discuses the core issue of searching on the pyramids' design-principals. It follows the research technique of social sciences that draws its conclusion based on qualitative arguments. The second part is an attempt to retrieve the Egyptian priests' scenario for recording the observed daily motion of the sun. It draws its conclusion based on establishing an array of logical and practical assumptions. The third part discuses the design principles of the horizon of the three pyramids in Giza plateau. It follows the research technique of basic sciences that draws its conclusion from facts and based on mathematical proof.

Notes:

1- The horizon is the apparent junction of earth and sky -- called also apparent horizon (Webster, 1975, p.401). The term horizon means in this work a circular domain within which cosmic concepts are modeled with architectural forms.

2- The term theory means in this work the architectural design principles based on basic sciences.

3- (Al-Maqrizi, 1845, Vol. I, pp. 216-217), the papyrus was found and duplicated during different times.

4- Al-Maqrizi said that the Jedars or designers of Giza pyramids were 130, and the name of the Master Jedar is out of the scope of the present work. This issue is related to understanding the "original rule" of pronouncing the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writings.

5 - Historians think that any room inside the pyramids is a tomb. On the contrary, architects may not consider this inside tomb as the main functional objective of a mega-pyramid; it is similar to the mausoleum that exist in big mosques or in big cathedrals.

REFERENCES:

- A. Weigert & H. Zimmermann, Encyclopedia of Astronomy, Arabic edition, Abdelkawy Aiad translator, The Egyptian General Organization for Book, Cairo, 1990.

- Al-Maqrizi, Al Mawaes Wal A'atebar Bezeker Al-khetat Wal Asar (Sermons and Lessons With the Discourse on Alleys and Monuments), Vol-I, Dar Al-Tahrier, Bulaque Edition, Cairo, 1849.

- Al-Masoudy, Mrog Al-Zahab Wa Ma'aten Al-Gawher (Golden Lava and Metals of Essence), Asria Library press, Saida, 1987.

- Carlo Nallino, Arabian Astronomy: its History During the Medieval Times, Oriental papers for publications, second edition in Arabic, Beirut, 1993. (first edition, 1911)

- Ernst Neufert, Architects' Data, English edition, Crosby Lockwood Staples, London, 1975.

- Gorg Serton, History of Science, Arabic edition, Ibrahim Biomy translator, Dar Al-Maaref, Cairo, 1957.

- Herodotus, History of Herodotus, Arabic edition, Abdel Elah Al-Malah translator, Al-Magma Al-Saquafie, UAE, 2001, p.190.

- Jahon Whttow, Dictionary of Physical Geography, 1994.

- John McLeish, Number from Ancient Civilizations to the Computer, London, 1992.

- Mark Lehner, Some Observations on the Layout of Khufu and Khafre Pyramids, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Volume XX, Egypt, 1983.

- Olaf Pedersen, Early Physics and Astronomy, a Historical Introduction, Cambridge University press, New York, 1993.

-Petrie, W.M.F., The Pyramids aTemples of Gizeh, London, 1883.

- Webester, Webester's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary, G & C. Merriam Company, publishers, USA, 1965.

Section-1: Introduction

Section-2: Defining the core issue.

Section-3: The scenario of assumptions: the sun as a source of astronomical knowledge.

Section-4: Original concept plan of the pyramids plateau

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