ARCHITECTONICS

Dr. Hossam Aboulfotouh

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* Lecturer, Architectonic Cosmic Theories and Development, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, Minia University, and Director, WPAHR-V, International Union of Architects-UIA. fotouh@mail.com

We have mentioned earlier, the pyramids and its complex sites are the hard disks within which all the laws of basic sciences of the previous earth cycle are recorded. Some may think that this supposition is illogic. In fact, a similar example is quite well known today. During the twentieth century, computer scientists invented the binary codes that enabled modern societies, among other useful functions, to record many forms of data (text, graphics, sounds, etc.) on computer disks. However, the compact disk that contains, for example, the Encyclopedia Britannica (or Americana) would be of less value to those who know nothing or never hear about computers. They may see it as only a piece of metal. Similarly, some may observe pyramids as only hills or pieces of stones. One could argue that, the designer of the pyramids and its complex site did the same thing; he might have used special numerical and geometrical codes to record his knowledge, "the encyclopedia of ancient sciences." The analyses of this section will be based on the presupposition that the pyramids' designer used the horizon models of multi-dimensions for this purpose, which range from the horizon of two dimensions up to the horizon of eleven dimensions. However, the following discuses only the horizon of two-dimensions.

First, the center of the great pyramid follows the meridian angle of the sun on the vernal equinox (q_V), at the end of the obelisk's shadow. Therefore, the location of the great pyramid (or its center) links the horizon with the latitude of the place; it identifies the latitude to which the horizon is linked. Thereupon, the distance from its center to the center of the horizon (L₁) could be identified as follows:

q_V = 60°

L₁= 746 / (Tan q_V)

Second, the center of the second pyramid follows the meridian angle of the sun on the summer solstice (q_S), at the end of the obelisk's shadow in their days. Therefore, the location of the second pyramid (or its center) defines the exact date of implementation of the horizon. The north to south distance from its center to the east-west axis of the horizon (L₂) defines the obliquity angle of the earth in the year of implementation of the horizon, including its basic architectural elements. However, the east-west alignment of this pyramid follows the astronomical knowledge of another coded file, which is out of the scope of this research. Thereupon, the distance (L₂) and the implementation date could be identified as follows:

Tan q_S= 746 / L₂

Tan q_S =746 / 77.09 = 9.6767, then

q_S = 84.1° approximately.

q_S = 60° + the earth's obliquity angle in the year of implementation.

The earth's obliquity angle in the year of implementation = 84.1° - 60° = 24.1° approximately.

Today's obliquity angle of the earth = 23.44° approximately.

The difference between obliquity angles = 24.1° - 23.44° = 0.66° approximately.

The total difference in years = (0.66° * 60 * 60) / 0.47 = 5055 years approximately.

Third, the center of the third pyramid follows the sunrise angle of the summer solstice (f) in the year of implementation of the horizon. Based on calculation, the quantity of this angle is 28.13° approximately. The author has developed the following simple formula in order to identify the quantity of this angle22; it should be measured from the east coordinate of the place. This formula is valid for any place on earth (as well as on any other planet) at any specific point in time.

Sin. f = Sin. 24.1° / Cos. 30° ; then, f = 28.13° approximately

The center of the third pyramid is placed on the intersection between the shadow of the imaginary obelisk and the east-west chord that defines the maximum obliquity angle of the earth, which has a quantity of 24.30°. As said earlier, the horizon anther nine files; this cord is part of them. Then, that shadow has been occurred at the moment-of-sunrise, on the summer solstice of the year of implementation of the horizon. So, the north to south distance (L₃) from center of the third pyramid to the horizon's main east-west axis could be identified as follows:

L₃ = 746 * Sin 24.3°

E₃ = L₃ / Tan 28.13°

Fourth, the following table (table-1) compares the results of the survey that was undertaken by Petrie23 in 1883 and the results of the above calculations, which shows very minor differences.

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The ranges of distances

Petries's survey data, 1883

The results of the calculations

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North to south axial distance from center of the great pyramid to center of the second pyramid

(13931.6 inches)

(L1-L2)

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North to south axial distance from center of the second pyramid to center of the third pyramid

(151170.0 inches)

(L2+L3)

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East to west axial distance from center of the great pyramid to center of the third pyramid

(22616.0 inches)

(E3)

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Based on what have been discussed so fare, the present work extracted and attempted to explain the first, and possibly the simplest, file in the concept plan of the horizon of the three pyramids in Giza plateau. Apparently, the horizon, including its basic architectural elements, was one project; however, the implementation of these elements might last for several decades. No doubt, its designer was a knowledge-based architect, who creates architectural concepts based only on scientific theories. Although, the ancient Egyptians have used primitive tools in their researches in the field of spherical astronomy, perhaps, they were able to establish a complete reference on cosmic structure and celestial mechanics, i.e., the horizon theory of multi-dimensions. The introductory part of that scientific reference has been discussed in this work.

Moreover, the horizon's concept should be taken in consideration while formulating and implementing conservation proposals for the three pyramids in Giza plateau as well as in the future processes of excavations within its domain. Besides, the above should support the view that it is highly unlikely to find a room of records inside or outside the pyramids. The scientific and holistic knowledge of the ancient Egyptians was recorded in the concept design of their pyramids and its horizons.  

22- The proof of the above formula is out of the scope of this research; however, its proof is based on taking the earth (or any other planet) as the center of the universal coordinates. The reader may check its accuracy of by comparing its result with the published data of any place on earth ant any specific point in time. For example, the data that was mentioned in (Neufert, 1975, pp.80-81) shows, at latitude 51.5° the sunrise angle on the winter solstice was 50.2° , which was measured from the South coordinate (Azimuth). Accordingly, its quantity was 39.8° from the east coordinate. The above formula gives the same result. The reader may also test it in the field during the days of winter or summer solstices.

- A. Weigert & H. Zimmermann, Encyclopedia of Astronomy, Arabic edition, Abdelkawy Aiad translator, The Egyptian General Organization for Book, Cairo, 1990.

Section-1: Introduction

Section-2: Defining the core issue

Section-3: The scenario of assumptions: the sun as a source of astronomical knowledge

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